Problem one to be expected is ” I cannot Boot Linux Anymore”. It seems that you have successfully installed the Linux distro of your choice. Then one fine day you may a change to your Windows OS- Windows 09 , XP or Vista / System 7/ Suddenly Linux no longer seems to boot and indeed stops working. You no longer see the lilo boot prompt. so you can no longer specify that indeed you wan to boot Linux.

What to do ? It seems that various operating systems tend to think that they are the only ones in the universe. It not unlike media centers in Windows that when newly installed take over and make themselves l”King” the “default” setup.

Therefore when the new Operating System is installed they write things to the area of the system or specifically the hard drive – or now sometimes solid state “hard drives”, called the Master Boot Record (MBR). This process overlays and overwrites the basic Linux boot loader (called LILO) and stops you dead in your tracks from booting Linux.

Overall the best correction is a good prevention . Make an emergency floppy or usb stick as a boot disk.

Keep this handy, when you do update or change your system ( or during any other significant event in your “Linux career” , such as repartitioning your disks or rebuilding your kernel.

Thus if you make a mistake then you can boot with your boot device – be it floppy or usb stick , or cd / dvd.

Its not unlike safe mode in Windows.

Then when you have rebooted your system using your boot device , simply log on as “root”, then type LILO on the command line. This will repair the MBR ( Master Boot Record) reinstalling Lilo.

You are now off to the races !!!

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This section will refresh you from some terminologies that we always encounter in the web or with Linux.

IRC is an acronym for “Internet Relay Chat” is a worldwide, online “party line” network that allows conversation to take place in real time. This creates an illusion that a particular group is like in the same virtual room. This is synonymous to internet messenger, ICQ, and online chat.

Kernel is the core of an operating system that contains the most primitive functions on which more sophisticated functions depend. The kernel serves as resource manager of different processes and also mediates multiple users in both kernel and user space.

URL stands for “Uniform Resource Locator”. This is basically one thing we are very familiar of. This an address that identifies a document or computer on the world wide web. We use this to get to the site that we want to see and explore.

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After the drive is attached to the system, Linux should recognize it when you boot. To review the booting messages in a slower fashion than they’re displayed, use the dmesg command. If you added a new IDE drive, look for the mention of a new hdx drive, where the x is replaced with the letter b, c, d, or e. This information tells you that your kernel saw the new hard drive as it booted and rebuilding the kernel is not necessary in order to add this drive. Likewise, if you’re adding a new SCSI disk drive, you see a boot message indicating a new disk drive that has the designation sdx, where the x is a letter. In the IDE or SCSI case, you may see other messages with additional information.

The messages for an IDE drive may look like this:

hdb: HITACHI_DK227A -50, 4789mb w/512KB Cache, CHS=610/255/63

And sometime later, a message appears that looks like the following, which describes the existing partitions on the new drive (if any):

hdb: hdb1 hdb2 < hdb5 hdb6    hdb7 hdb8 >

A SCSI disk drive has messages that look like this:

SCSI device sdb: hdwr device** ……..

sdb: sdb1

If you see these messages, the kernel has seen your new drive, and you don’t have to rebuild the kernel to use the new drive.

The Linux distribution on the companion CD-ROM features block special files for each of eight IDE disks (had — hdh) with nine partitions each (1 —9). Linux also has block special files for seven SCSI hard drives (sda — sdg), which can have eight partitions each (1 — 8). In addition, Linux has a block special file for a SCSI CD-ROM (scd) with eight partitions (0— 7). If you have lots of drives, or if your Linux distribution doesn’t have enough block special files for your drive, you may have to create one or more additional block special files for the device, like this:

cd /dev;  makedev   sdg

This command creates the block special files for SCSI drive 7. Note that in both IDE and SCSI drives, the letters and drive numbers correspond: a is for the first disk, b is for the second disk, and so on.

If you add a SCSI disk drive with a lower ID number than one you already have, the new disk drive takes on that number. Suppose you have SCSI disk drives with hardware ID numbers of 0, 2, and 3. Linux gives these drives the names sda, sdb, and sdc, respectively. You make your partitions and your file systems, and create your entries in /etc/fstab to show where you want the file systems mounted. Now you get a new disk drive and set the hardware ID number to 1. When you reboot, the new disk drive gets the sdb designation and the disk drives with ID numbers of 2 and 3 are renamed to sdc and sdd, respectively. You must now, at the very least, change your /etc/fstab table. For this reason, we recommend adding SCSI disk drives to your system, starting with ID 0 and working up the number chain, with no gaps in the numbering.

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At the heart of Linux is the kernel. This is the code that is loaded before anything else when you launch Linux, and is unloaded last when you halt the system. On its own, the kernel doesn’t appear to do very much, but without it, nothing gets done. The kernel acts as the main link between your hardware and all the programs that run under Linux. It also handles crucial background tasks such as managing the memory and multitasking.

Tools. Linux tools are a group of programs between the kernel and the software that displays Linux on the desktop. One of the most important tools is the C/CO compiler. This tool compiles a program written in C++, and turns the code into an executable program that can be run by Linux.

Application Software. In this raw state, Linux does not need a GUI to enable it to work. Here, however, we concentrate on the graphical applications that enable Linux to run as a window-based operating environment.

X Windows. The X Window system is used to set up an “X server” on your computer. This holds information about the capabilities of your graphics card and display.

Window Manager. X-based desktop managers provide the graphical interface between your input (via keyboard/pointing device) and what happens on your monitor. Some window managers look and feel like Microsoft Windows and all are highly customizable. These programs manage the placement of windows including positioning, overlapping, and iconizing.

Desktop Manager. The two leading desktop environments are Gnome and KDE.

• Gnome (GNU Network Object Model Environment), which were developed as open source software.
• KDE (the K Desktop Environment) was built using a GUI toolkit called Qt and is also widely used.

Both desktop environments are supplied with Red Hat Linux. They are also available with most other popular distributions.Certain window managers are incompatible with some desktop environments, but the relevant sites will provide the necessary advice.

Red Hat Linux Deluxe Workstation

This is not one of the cheaper options available. However, a cheaper version of Red Hat is sold, and all the additional elements can be bought from the same source at a later date. The Deluxe version contains the kind of added software that may be bundled together to form a Linux distribution suitable for professional users.

History of Expansion

Red Hat was founded in 1994 as a developer and distributor of open source software. At that time, the number of Linux users was estimated to be 100,000. In the intervening period, Red Hat has expanded its activities through acquisitions and software development. Alongside this growth, the number of Linux users is estimated by some to have risen to about 15,000,000.

 To see Red Hat’s range of products, visit the company’s website and click on Home/Small Business. You can then scroll down through the page that appears and select Red Hat Deluxe Workstation from the list of software.

What It Contains

Red hat Linux Deluxe Workstation arrives on 10 CDs, which includes more than 5Gb of a variety of software including:

- Red Hat-tested 2.4 kernel

- Gnome and KDE desktop environments

- Support for USB devices and recordable CD-ROMs

- XFree86 4.0.3, an implementation of the X Windows System.

- StarOffice 5.2

- Demo version of Anyware 2.0 that includes the Anyware Desktop, which is an office program suite

- Adobe Acrobat Reader 4.05

- Special Red Hat edition of Yahoo! Messenger

- Game demos from Loki, Alpha Centauri, and SimCity3000

- Over 300 PowerTools applications, including Zope, Gnucash, Openmotif, Exim, Faxmail, and Postfix

- Red Hat Network Software Manager

- Multiple Programming languages

- Netscape Navigator.

The Gnome Desktop

Logging On and Off

When you start your PC with Linux as the operating system (rather than Windows ME, for example) you will see the screen fill with lines of text that contain information indicating that Linux is checking , enabling, and starting all the software that will drive your system – each followed by OK if the check is passed.

• Enter User Name and Password

 Your exact log- in procedure will have been defined by whoever installed Linux on your computer.  If a graphical interface has been chosen, you will see the Gnome log-in screen. If not, you will see a text prompt asking you for your user name and then your password.  In either case, supply your user name and password (not the root user name and password) when prompted. If you are using a graphical interface, you will usually boot straight into the Gnome desktop environment.

• Typing at the Prompt

 If a graphical interface is not being used, you will see a text prompt similar to this example (where your password replaces alba) at the localhost login prompt.  To start GNOME, type startx and press ENTER

• Logging Off

 To log off from GNOME, choose Log out from the Main GNOME Menu. This displays a dialog box with up to three options:

-LOGOUT to end the Gnome session

-HALT to shut down the computer

-REBOOT to reboot

Using the Root Password

If you are a user of a standalone PC, you may find that Linux places more emphasis on user names, passwords, and security than you are used. If you attempt to take any action that will make system- level changes to your PC, you will be required to enter the root password because the changes will affect all users of the computer, not merely you. If you are the only user of the computer, this may seem unnecessary. However, if you share your computer with others, the importance of limiting these controls to one “superuser” soon becomes apparent.

• The Need for the Password

 If you do not have access to the root password- probably because someone else has installed Linux you will need either to ask them for the password or to log in each time that any system-level changes are required.

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