The second major group of system failures consists of various file system corruptions and outright mistakes. It is conceivable that an untimely power failure could corrupt files vital to booting even a rudimentary system. Perhaps more likely is that such files get altered or deleted by an overuse of the root account. There are many ways that a Linux system could become damaged, but in the end if the system becomes unbootable, you need to somehow recover from the emergency.

Although having a system fail to boot can be one of the most distressing types of failures, it’s not the only one you might have to guard against. Files and entire directories may get damaged or deleted over time. Mistakes and misfortunes do happen, so you need to know how to handle them. The following sections describe some of the options you have after the system fails to boot, files or file systems get corrupted, or you forget the root password.

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• How to Fix Your Mac /caption]Mac machines are generally stable, but there are always times when any computer is seemingly a little under the weather. If you’re normally a Windows user though, you probably have no idea how to diagnose or begin to fix any problem that Macs may experience. So what can you do......
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• “Disk I/O Error: Status 00000001” Error in Microsoft Windows When you attempt to start your Microsoft Windows computer, you might come across some error messages that indicate missing OS loader and input/output errors. In such situations, the system can not boot up and you can not get into it to access your hard drive partitions and data. This behavior......
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IP Address - IP stands for Internet Protocol. An IP address consists of a series of four numbers separated by periods, that identifies n single, unique Internet computer host. Example: 192.34.45.8. This works the same way as phone numbers are used. Computers use IP address to trace and locate you like your physical address or phone number.

Static IP is the permanent internet address that your service provider provided you. If your Service Provider has assigned a fixed IP address; enter the assigned IP address, subnet mask and the gateway address provided by your service provider.

Dynamic IP is ussually assigned to LANs and broadband networks. When a user disconnects or shutdown his computer, the dynamic IP goes back into the pool of IP addresses to be assigned to other users. Therefore, in this case if a user connects to the internet once again,  the IP will not be the same IP as before you have been disconnected.

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• 15 Point Checklist for Choosing a VOIP Service Provider One of the new telecommunication buzz words these days is VOIP, or Voice over IP. This new technology allow you to place telephone calls using your high speed internet connection anywhere around the world using software or hardware provided by various VOIP service providers.With so may VoIP service providers to......
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• Benefits of Using a VOIP Phone System in Your Business A telephone service alternative that has been growing in popularity over recent years is Voice Over Internet Protocol service, more commonly known as VOIP. A number of popular brands of VOIP service are already on the market, providing telephone service to individuals and businesses alike for flat monthly fees regardless......

The userdel command allows you to delete users. It undoes most, but not all, of what the useradd command does.See the steps below for instructions.

1. Before you remove a user, take note of the user’s ID number since you may need to know this later. Look at the third field of the user’s entry in /etc/passwd. For example, you can see in this line from the password file that user joe has user ID 100:

joe:x:100:100: :/home/joe:/bin/bash

2. As root, run the userdel command with the username of the user you wish to remove. (Keep in mind that you cannot remove an account if the user is logged in.)

3. By default, userdel will not remove any of the user’s files. To remove the user’s home directory automatically, use the -r option. For example:

# userdel -r joe

If you do not use the -r option, you will need to remove the user’s home directory manually:

# rm -rf /home/joe/

The user may have other files on the system which userdel has not removed. Particularly, look in the /var/spool directory. You might want to remove old mail, for example. Also, the user may have installed a crontab file. Here is how you would remove these things:

# rm fvarfspooi/mail/joe
#rm Ivarlspooilcronltabs/joe

4. It is possible that the user still has some jobs running. Rather than rebooting, you can search for and kill any jobs left running by the user. The user no longer exists in the password file so you cannot search by the user’s name. Instead, search for jobs owned by the user ID you found in Step 1. Here is an example of killing a job that Joe left running:

# ps —user 100

PID TTY TIME CMD

1490 ? 00:06:21 mydaemon

# kill —9 1490

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• Becoming Self Employed - Here Are Five Genuine Reasons To Create A Home Based On-line Business In this point in time, several individuals are having a difficult time finding work as a result of the downturn of the economy. Each day, this crisis looks to be becoming worse and worse. In response to this, many individuals are seeking ways to earn cash online. What this really......
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• Maderas Golf Club, San Diego, California Maderas Golf Club is located in San Diego, California Phone number is 866.413.5634 View Larger Map Website is located at http://www.maderasgolf.com/. About the Course - Maderas golf course was ranked number one for five years straight by the Zagat survey for 2003 to 2007. There is a grand view of......
• Home Network Security [/caption] Home Computer security 1. What is computer security? Computer security is the process of preventing and detecting unauthorized use of your computer. Prevention measures help you to stop unauthorized users (also known as "intruders") from accessing any part of your computer system. Detection helps you to determine whether or......

This section will refresh you from some terminologies that we always encounter in the web or with Linux.

IRC is an acronym for “Internet Relay Chat” is a worldwide, online “party line” network that allows conversation to take place in real time. This creates an illusion that a particular group is like in the same virtual room. This is synonymous to internet messenger, ICQ, and online chat.

Kernel is the core of an operating system that contains the most primitive functions on which more sophisticated functions depend. The kernel serves as resource manager of different processes and also mediates multiple users in both kernel and user space.

URL stands for “Uniform Resource Locator”. This is basically one thing we are very familiar of. This an address that identifies a document or computer on the world wide web. We use this to get to the site that we want to see and explore.

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• Domain Names - Thinking Outside The Domain Tool Box It came in my email a few days ago. "Try this super duper domain name choosing tool! It is the key to all your domain choosing needs! It will wash your windows walk your dog, mow your lawn, etc. etc." Enough already! I tried the tool, I typed a......
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The 10BaseT. Let’s understand this word by learning each term under it. First, 10— this is the frequency in MHz (or Mega Hertz), in short this cable has 10 MHz capability/speed. Secondly, base—is synonymous to Baseband. This is a type of communication used by Ethernet. Lastly, T— refers to Twisted Pair, it is the physical layer that is responsible for the signal.

Physical Layer Specification for Twisted-Pair Ethernet using Unshielded Twisted Pair wire at l0Mbps.This is the most popular type of LAN cable used today because it is very cheap and easy to install. It uses RJ-45 connectors and has a cable length span of up to 100 meters. There are two versions:

STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) which is more expensive

UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair), the most popular cable.

These cables come in 5 different categories. However, only 3 are normally used in LAN5, Category 3,4 and 5. CAT 3 TP (Twisted Pair) cable has a network data transfer rate of up to 10Mbps. CAT 4 TP cable has a network data transfer rate of up to 16Mbps. CAT 5 TP cable has a network data transfer rate of up to 100Mbps.

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Debian is a free, open source, operating system for a computer that uses the Linux kernel. This is a set of basic programs and utilities that make your computer run. Debian is software comprised of 25000 packages, which has easy format, ready to install in your computer.

C is the natural language for writing UNIX system programs. It was designed specially for Unix in early 1970s.

Module is a piece of the kernel that performs a specific task. This is code that can be loaded and unloaded into the kernel upon demand.

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If the file you want to read is in a subdirectory of the directory that you are in, you can reach the file by typing a relative filename. Relative filenames specify the location of files relative to where you are.

Here are some additional rules that you need to know:

• One dot (.) always stands for your current directory.
• Two dots (..) specify the parent directory of the directory you are currently in.
• All directory paths that include (.) or (..) are relative directory paths.

You can see these files by using the -a option of the  1s (1) command. Without the -a option, the 1s (1) command does not bother to list the . or .. files, or any filename beginning with a period. This may seem strange, but the creators of Unix thought that having some files that were normally hidden kept the directory structure cleaner. Therefore, filenames that are always there (. and ..) and special-purpose files are hidden. The types of files that should be hidden are those that the user normally does not need to see in every listing of the directory structure (files used to tailor applications to the user’s preferences, for example).

Now specify a pathname relative to where you are. For example:

[fidia@veracruz lidial]$pwd

/home/lidia

[lidia@veracruz lidials]$ 1s – 1a . . / . .  /etc/passwd

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The “GNU Image Manipulation Program” is free software suitable for manipulating images. The GIMP is suitable for a variety of image manipulation tasks, including photo retouching, image composition, and image construction. It can be used as a simple paint program, an expert quality photo retouching program, an online batch processing system, a mass production image renderer, an image format converter, etc.

The MS-DOS or  “Microsoft Disk Operating System” installed by IBM on their first personal computers. This is a 16-bit operating system for personal system. It deals with internal and external commands made by the user.

ISP is short for “Internet Service Provider”— an organization that provides people with networked access to the internet.

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