The leading textbook in Artificial Intelligence. Used in over 1000 universities in 91 countries (over 90% market share) and the 85th most cited publication on Citeseer.
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A branch of computer science that studies how to endow computers with capabilities of human intelligence. For example, speech recognition is a problem being worked on by AI scientists.
Emergency Recovery: Causes of System Failures
Several situations might render a system unbootable. The most common class of errors relates to a failure to load and boot the kernel. This might happen if you compiled a kernel without support for your boot device (such as forgetting the IDE driver) or forgot support for the root file system type (usually ext2). Errors can also lurk within the kernel compilation step itself Compiling a kernel with an experimental compiler might cause the boot to fail. Circumstances beyond the control of SuSE can also damage Linux. The installation of another operating system may overwrite LILO—the kernel itself may be fine, but nothing remains to load it.
The second major group of system failures consists of various file system corruptions and outright mistakes. It is conceivable that an untimely power failure could corrupt files vital to booting even a rudimentary system. Perhaps more likely is that such files get altered or deleted by an overuse of the root account. There are many ways that a Linux system could become damaged, but in the end if the system becomes unbootable, you need to somehow recover from the emergency.
Although having a system fail to boot can be one of the most distressing types of failures, it’s not the only one you might have to guard against. Files and entire directories may get damaged or deleted over time. Mistakes and misfortunes do happen, so you need to know how to handle them. The following sections describe some of the options you have after the system fails to boot, files or file systems get corrupted, or you forget the root password.
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PDA and VPN Treo Troubleshooting Guide Here are some troubleshooting guides for particular topics. Speed Up Your PC Easily Scan, Repair and Fix Errors Speed & Optimize PC, Free Download (1) Your Virtual Network Connection (2) VPN Troubleshooting Error Messages (3) VPN Modems Troubleshooting Guide (4) VPN ISP Troubleshooting Guide. (1) Your Virtual Private Network Connection...... -
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FAQ about computer security Q: The virus blocked the registry access and how to get rid of it?A: You can deal with like this: 1. Click on Start -> Run (or Start Search in Windows Vista). 2. Enter GPEdit.msc and then press Enter. 3. Navigate to the following location: User Configuration -> Administrative Templates...... -
How to Fix Your Mac /caption]Mac machines are generally stable, but there are always times when any computer is seemingly a little under the weather. If youâre normally a Windows user though, you probably have no idea how to diagnose or begin to fix any problem that Macs may experience. So what can you do......
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Linux 101: Word Alert
This section will refresh you from some terminologies that we always encounter in the web or with Linux.
IP Address - IP stands for Internet Protocol. An IP address consists of a series of four numbers separated by periods, that identifies n single, unique Internet computer host. Example: 192.34.45.8. This works the same way as phone numbers are used. Computers use IP address to trace and locate you like your physical address or phone number.
Static IP is the permanent internet address that your service provider provided you. If your Service Provider has assigned a fixed IP address; enter the assigned IP address, subnet mask and the gateway address provided by your service provider.
Dynamic IP is ussually assigned to LANs and broadband networks. When a user disconnects or shutdown his computer, the dynamic IP goes back into the pool of IP addresses to be assigned to other users. Therefore, in this case if a user connects to the internet once again, the IP will not be the same IP as before you have been disconnected.
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VoIP PBX - Actualizing Internet Telephony Services Internet calling is possible because of the emergence of technologies such as VoIP. Though Voice over IP is a digital method but then it also requires a telephone exchange for transference of voice calls. The telephone exchange for VoIP networks is termed as VoIP PBX.The principle of transference of...... -
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How to delete User from the Command line
Deleting a user might occasionally become necessary. You should clean up any unused accounts when someone stops using your computer—or when you decide to stop letting someone use it! You can delete a user either from the command line or by using YaST, as described in the following sections.
The userdel command allows you to delete users. It undoes most, but not all, of what the useradd command does.See the steps below for instructions.
1. Before you remove a user, take note of the user’s ID number since you may need to know this later. Look at the third field of the user’s entry in /etc/passwd. For example, you can see in this line from the password file that user joe has user ID 100:
joe:x:100:100: :/home/joe:/bin/bash
2. As root, run the userdel command with the username of the user you wish to remove. (Keep in mind that you cannot remove an account if the user is logged in.)
3. By default, userdel will not remove any of the user’s files. To remove the user’s home directory automatically, use the -r option. For example:
# userdel -r joe
If you do not use the -r option, you will need to remove the user’s home directory manually:
# rm -rf /home/joe/
The user may have other files on the system which userdel has not removed. Particularly, look in the /var/spool directory. You might want to remove old mail, for example. Also, the user may have installed a crontab file. Here is how you would remove these things:
# rm fvarfspooi/mail/joe
#rm Ivarlspooilcronltabs/joe
4. It is possible that the user still has some jobs running. Rather than rebooting, you can search for and kill any jobs left running by the user. The user no longer exists in the password file so you cannot search by the user’s name. Instead, search for jobs owned by the user ID you found in Step 1. Here is an example of killing a job that Joe left running:
# ps —user 100
PID TTY TIME CMD
1490 ? 00:06:21 mydaemon
# kill —9 1490
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more powerful grep - ack For last couple of days, I have been using ack instead of grep. Here is description of ack: Ack is designed as a replacement for grep. There are couple of reasons I am using ack. First and foremost being it does not require a filename. So, for seaching amit...... -
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Linux 101: Word Alert
This section will refresh you from some terminologies that we always encounter in the web or with Linux.
IRC is an acronym for “Internet Relay Chat” is a worldwide, online “party line” network that allows conversation to take place in real time. This creates an illusion that a particular group is like in the same virtual room. This is synonymous to internet messenger, ICQ, and online chat.
Kernel is the core of an operating system that contains the most primitive functions on which more sophisticated functions depend. The kernel serves as resource manager of different processes and also mediates multiple users in both kernel and user space.
URL stands for “Uniform Resource Locator”. This is basically one thing we are very familiar of. This an address that identifies a document or computer on the world wide web. We use this to get to the site that we want to see and explore.
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Add and Delete User using YaST
- Start YaST as root.
- Select System administration, and then User administration.
- On the new screen that appears, type the new user’s name and press Enter. Defaults will appear in all the fields.
- Edit the defaults as you see fit, and then type and retype a password.
- When you are satisfied, press F4, and user is created
- Start YaST as root.
- Select System administration, and then User administration.
- On the new screen that appears, type the new user’s name and press Enter.
- Press F5 to delete the user. Answer yes when you are asked if you are sure. Be warned, however, that YaST will allow you to delete a user who is currently logged in.
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Linux 101: Word Alert
This section will refresh you from some terminologies that we always encounter in the web or with Linux. These are the words for this day.
The 10BaseT. Let’s understand this word by learning each term under it. First, 10— this is the frequency in MHz (or Mega Hertz), in short this cable has 10 MHz capability/speed. Secondly, base—is synonymous to Baseband. This is a type of communication used by Ethernet. Lastly, T— refers to Twisted Pair, it is the physical layer that is responsible for the signal.
Physical Layer Specification for Twisted-Pair Ethernet using Unshielded Twisted Pair wire at l0Mbps.This is the most popular type of LAN cable used today because it is very cheap and easy to install. It uses RJ-45 connectors and has a cable length span of up to 100 meters. There are two versions:
STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) which is more expensive
UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair), the most popular cable.
These cables come in 5 different categories. However, only 3 are normally used in LAN5, Category 3,4 and 5. CAT 3 TP (Twisted Pair) cable has a network data transfer rate of up to 10Mbps. CAT 4 TP cable has a network data transfer rate of up to 16Mbps. CAT 5 TP cable has a network data transfer rate of up to 100Mbps.
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Top 10 tips for Wireless Home Security A wireless home network brings many benefits – all the family can access the Internet simultaneously, you can use a laptop anywhere within the radius of the wireless network, freeing you from physical constraints, you don’t have to string Cat-5 cabling throughout your house (no holes in the wall either!)......
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How to specify the directory path
If the file you want to read is in a subdirectory of the directory that you are in, you can reach the file by typing a relative filename. Relative filenames specify the location of files relative to where you are.
Here are some additional rules that you need to know:
- One dot (.) always stands for your current directory.
- Two dots (..) specify the parent directory of the directory you are currently in.
- All directory paths that include (.) or (..) are relative directory paths.
You can see these files by using the -a option of the 1s (1) command. Without the -a option, the 1s (1) command does not bother to list the . or .. files, or any filename beginning with a period. This may seem strange, but the creators of Unix thought that having some files that were normally hidden kept the directory structure cleaner. Therefore, filenames that are always there (. and ..) and special-purpose files are hidden. The types of files that should be hidden are those that the user normally does not need to see in every listing of the directory structure (files used to tailor applications to the user’s preferences, for example).
Now specify a pathname relative to where you are. For example:
[fidia@veracruz lidial]$pwd
/home/lidia
[lidia@veracruz lidials]$ 1s – 1a . . / . . /etc/passwd
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