Emergency Recovery: Using Options at the LILO Prompt

Sometimes you might face a slightly tougher problem: The LILO prompt appears, the kernel begins to load, but then things go bad. Maybe the kernel is corrupt, or perhaps Linux can’t find the root partition. In these and several other cases, you may be able to coerce the kernel into booting by passing special options at this prompt.

Here is the lists some common options you can pass to the kernel, and the following series of steps explains how and when to use these options:

Options

Sample Argument

Description

int= (/bin/sh) Starts the specified program instead of init.
root= (/dev/hda1) Forces the Linux kernel to mount the specified partition as the root.
single Starts in single-user mode.
vga= (ask) Allows you to force a particular video mode during boot. The special parameter asks displays a menu.
  1. At the LILO prompt, press the Tab key. You will see all your kernel(s) listed.
  2. If you have another kernel listed, try that. It may allow you to boot successfully, so that you can fix the problem or remove the bad kernel entirely.
  3. If you do not have a backup kernel, try passing options to the kernel. What option to pick depends on how your kernel is failing.
  4. If the kernel boots, you should fix the problem, remove the bad kernel, or permanently add the options to your /etc/lilo.conf file.

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